Lower Division Courses

C13.  Origins: from the Big Bang to the Emergence of Humans. (4)   Three hours of lecture and two hours of discussion per week. This course will cover our modern scientific understanding of origins, from the Big Bang to the formation of planets like Earth, evolution by natural selection, the genetic basis of evolution, and the emergence of humans. These ideas are of great intrinsic scientific importance and also have far reaching implications for other aspects of people's lives (e.g., philosophical, religious, and political). A major theme will be the scientific method and how we know what we know. Also listed as Astronomy C13. (F,SP) Marshall, Quataert

24.  Freshman Seminars. (1)   Course may be repeated for credit as topic varies. One hour of seminar per week. Sections 1-4 to be graded on a letter-grade basis. Sections 5-8 to be graded on a passed/not passed basis. The Berkeley Seminar Program has been designed to provide new students with the opportunity to explore an intellectual topic with a faculty member in a small-seminar setting. Berkeley Seminars are offered in all campus departments, and topics vary from department to department and semester to semester. (F,SP) Staff

31.  The Ecology and Evolution of Animal Behavior. (3)   Students will receive no credit for Integrative Biology 31 after taking Integrative Biology 144, C144 or Psychology C115B. Two hours of lecture, one hour of film/demonstration and one hour of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Open to all students; designed for those not specializing in biology. Principles of evolution biology as they relate to animal behavior and behavioral ecology with broad coverage of animal groups. Special attention will be paid to the emerging discipline of behavioral ecology. (SP) Caldwell

35AC.  Human Biological Variation. (4)   Three hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. This course addresses modern human biological variation from historical, comparative, evolutionary, biomedical, and cultural perspectives. It is designed to introduce students to the fundamentals of comparative biology, evolutionary theory, and genetics. This course satisfies the American cultures requirement. (F,SP) Hlusko

39.  Topics in Integrative Biology. (2)   Two hours of discussion per week. Must be taken on a passed/not passed basis. Prerequisites: Preferentially open to freshmen; consent of instructor. Reading and discussion of the literature on particular topics in the field of integrative biology. Term paper and oral presentation. Section topics will vary from semester to semester. Students should check with department secretary for each semester's offerings. (F,SP) Staff

39C.  . (2)  

41.  Marine Mammals. (2)   Two hours of lecture per week. Prerequisites: Designed for those not specializing in Integrative Biology. A survey of marine mammal evolution, biology, behavior, ecology, and politics with a concentration on those species found in the North Pacific. Coverage would include: origin and evolution of cetaceans, pinnipeds, sirenians, and sea otters; basic biology and anatomy of marine mammal groups, and North Pacific species in particular; ecological interactions and role in nearshore and pelagic marine communities; and interactions between humans and marine mammals. (F) Lindberg

C82.  Oceans. (3)   Students will receive no credit for Earth and Planetary Science/Integrative Biology/Geography C82 after taking Earth and Planetary Science N82. Three hours of lecture per week. This course offers multidisciplinary approach to begin answering the question "Why are oceans important to us?" Upon a physical, chemical, and geologic base, we introduce the alien world of sea life, the importance of the ocean to the global carbon cycle, and the principles of ecology with a focus on the important concept of energy flow through food webs. Lectures expand beyond science to include current topics as diverse as music, movies, mythology, biomechanics, policy, and trade. Also listed as Geography C82 and Earth and Planetary Science C82. (F) Bishop, Staff

84.  Sophomore Seminar. (1,2)   Course may be repeated for credit as topic varies. One hour of seminar per week per unit for fifteen weeks. One and one half hours of seminar per week per unit for 10 weeks. Two hours of seminar per week per unit for eight weeks. Three hours of seminar per week per unit for five weeks. Sections 1-2 to be graded on a passed/not passed basis. Sections 3-4 to be graded on a letter-grade basis. Prerequisites: At discretion of instructor. Sophomore seminars are small interactive courses offered by faculty members in departments all across the campus. Sophomore seminars offer opportunity for close, regular intellectual contact between faculty members and students in the crucial second year. The topics vary from department to department and semester to semester. Enrollment limited to 15 sophomores. (F,SP) Staff

88.  Leadership Communications for Biology Scholars. (1)   Two hours of lecture/discussion per week. Prerequisites: Acceptance into Biology Scholars Program. Leadership skills and abilities such as communication, collaboration, critical thinking, and resourcefulness are critical to academic, professional, and personal success. The need for enlightened leaders is evident in every aspect of health and science such as designing innovative health programs, obtaining funding, conducting cutting-edge research, developing and gaining support to implement policy solutions. This course provides an understanding of the principles of leadership and communications for students in the Biology Scholars Program. Students wil nurture those traits in themselves and apply those principles in situations specifically related to the health and science sectors. The course is taught in weekly lecture and discussion sessions with case studies and exercises. The specific objectives of this course are to identify leadership principles; understand one's own leadership style and goals; know what resourcefulness means and the strategies that can enhance it; develop skills in written and verbal communication, and develop skills in collaboration and effective team management. (F) Hayes, Kim, Myrick

95.  Special Research Project in Biology 1B. (1)   Four hours of special field research per week. Must be taken on a passed/not passed basis. Prerequisites: Consent of instructor; selected by interview. Students enrolled in Biology 1B can participate in special field research in addition to attending regular laboratory sections. Students work independently with minimal supervision. Students will learn how to develop a project, collect and record data, conduct and analyze experiments, write a report, and make an oral presentation. Project may require traveling to off-campus sites. Students are required to attend at least three department seminars and write a short critique of each. (F,SP) Staff

C96.  Studying the Biological Sciences. (1)   Two hours of lecture per week. Must be taken on a passed/not passed basis. Prerequisites: Consent of instructor. Freshmen will be introduced to the "culture" of the biological sciences, along with an in-depth orientation to the academic life and the culture of the university as they relate to majoring in biology. Students will learn concepts, skills, and information that they can use in their major course, and as future science professionals. Restricted to freshmen in the biology scholars program. Also listed as Plant and Microbial Biology C96 and Molecular and Cell Biology C96. (F) Matsui

98.  Directed Group Study. (1-4)   Course may be repeated for credit. One hour of group study per unit per week. Must be taken on a passed/not passed basis. Prerequisites: Freshmen and sophomores only. Lectures and small group discussions focusing on topics of interest, varying from semester to semester. (F,SP) Staff

99.  Supervised Independent Study and Research. (1-3)   Course may be repeated for credit. Must be taken on a passed/not passed basis. Prerequisites: GPA of 3.4 or greater. Formerly Botany 99, Physiology 99, Anatomy 99. Lower division independent study and research intended for the academically superior student. Enrollment only with prior approval of faculty adviser directing the research. (F,SP) Staff

Upper Division Courses

C100.  Communicating Ocean Science. (4)   Two and one-half hours of lecture, one hour of discussion, and two hours of fieldwork per week. Prerequisites: One course in introductory biology, geology, chemistry, physics, or marine science required and interest in ocean science; junior, senior, or graduate standing; consent of instructor required for sophomores. For undergraduates interested in improving their ability to communicate their scientific knowledge by teaching ocean science in elementary schools or science centers/aquariums. The course will combine instruction in inquiry-based teaching methods and learning pedagogy with six weeks of supervised teaching experience in a local school classroom or the Lawrence Hall of Science with a partner. Thus, students will practice communicating scientific knowledge and receive mentoring on how to improve their presentations. Also listed as Geography C146 and Earth and Planetary Science C100. (SP) Ingram

100B.  Principles of Biodiversity. (3)   Three hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week, plus some assigned open computer laboratories. Prerequisites: Biology 1B. Biogeographic, temporal, and historical patterns of change in biological diversity; phylogenetics and systematics; processes involved in origin and extinction of taxa and floras/faunas; population structure and demography (including human populations); community processes and maintenance of diversity; ecosystem function; global change; human uses of and effects on biodiversity; conservation biology.

C101.  Diversity of Plants and Fungi. (2)   Two hours of lecture per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1A-1B. Must be taken concurrently with Integrative Biology C101L or Plant and Microbial Biology C102L. An integrated treatment of the biology and evolution of the major groups in the plant, algal, and fungal kingdoms. Also listed as Plant and Microbial Biology C102. Offered alternate years. (F) Staff

C101L.  Diversity of Plants and Fungi with Laboratory. (4)   Students will receive partial credit for C101L after taking C101. Two hours of lecture and four hours of laboratory per week, plus two one-day field trips. Prerequisites: Biology 1A-1B. An integrated treatment of the biology and evolution of the major groups in the plant, algal, and fungal kingdoms. Also listed as Plant and Microbial Biology C102L. Offered alternate years. (F) Staff

102LF.  Introduction to California Plant Life with Laboratory. (4)   Student will receive partial credit for 102LF after taking 102. Two hours of lecture and six hours of laboratory per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1B or consent of instructor. Formerly 102L. The relationship of the main plant groups and the plant communities of California to climate, soils, vegetation, geological and recent histor,y and conservation. Laboratory will also include at least two Saturday field trips and focus on main plant groups and major plant families in California, and use of keys to identify introduced and especially native pteridophytes, conifers, and flowering plants of the state. (SP) Staff

103LF.  Invertebrate Zoology with Laboratory. (5)   Students will receive partial credit for 103LF after taking 103. Three hours of lecture and six hours of laboratory per week, plus several weekend field trips. Prerequisites: Biology 1A-1B. Formerly 103L. Introductory survey of the biology of invertebrates, stressing comparative functional morphology, phylogeny, natural history, and aspects of physiology and development. Laboratory study of invertebrate diversity and functional morphology, and field study of the natural history of local marine invertebrates. Offered alternate years. (SP) Lindberg

104LF.  Natural History of the Vertebrates with Laboratory. (5)   Students will receive partial credit for 104LF after taking 104. Three hours of lecture, three hours of laboratory, and a four hour field trip per week, plus special field projects. Prerequisites: Biology 1A-1B. Formerly 104L. Biology of the vertebrates, exclusive of fish. Laboratory and field study of local vertebrates exclusive of fish. (SP) McGuire, Bowie

106A.  Physical and Chemical Environment of the Ocean. (4)   Three hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1B; Chemistry 1A or 4A; Mathematics 1A or 16A; Physics 7A or 8A. Recommended: 82. The biological implications of marine physics and chemistry. History and properties of seawater. Geophysical fluids. Currents and circulations. Deep sea. Waves, tides, and bottom boundary layers. The coastal ocean; estuaries. Air/sea interaction. Mixing. Formation of water masses. Modeling biological and geochemical processes. Ocean and climate change. (SP) Powell

C107.  Principles of Plant Morphology. (3)   Two hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1A-1B; must be taken concurrently with Integrative Biology C107L/Plant and Microbial Biology C107L. An analysis of the structural diversity of multicellular plants, especially the higher forms, with emphasis on the developmental mechanisms responsible for this variation in form and the significance of this diversity in relation to the environments in which plants grow. Also listed as Plant and Microbial Biology C107. Offered alternate years. (F) Specht

C107L.  Principles of Plant Morphology with Laboratory. (5)   Two hours of lecture, one hour of discussion, and six hours of laboratory per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1A-1B. An analysis of the structural diversity of multicelluar plants, especially the higher forms, with emphasis on the developmental mechanisms responsible for this variation in form and the significance of this diversity in relation to the environments in which plants grow. Also listed as Plant and Microbial Biology C107L. (F) Specht

112.  Horticultural Methods in the Botanical Garden. (1)   Three hours of direct participation of field work per week. Must be taken on a passed/not passed basis. Prerequisites: Consent of instructor. Formerly 112L. An introduction to horticultural techniques utilizing the diverse collections of the University Botanical Garden. (F,SP) Licht

113L.  Paleobiological Perspectives on Ecology and Evolution. (4)   Three hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Prerequisites: Prior biology experience, or consent of instructor. No paleontological or geological background required. Formerly 108. This course will center around answering the following questions: What do the fossil and geologic records have to tell us about the nature of ecological and evolutionary processes? What do they teach us that cannot be learned from the living world alone? In answering these questions, the course will provide an introduction to the analysis of key problems in paleobiology, with an emphasis on how evolutionary and ecological processes operate on geologic timescales. (SP) Marshall

115.  Introduction to Systems in Biology and Medicine. (4)   Two hours of lecture and two hours of computer laboratory per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1A, Mathematics 1A or 16B. This course is aimed at students wishing to understand the general principles of how biological systems operate. Topics include feedback regulation; competition and cooperation; genetic switches and circuits; random processes; chaos; mechanisms for error correction; and the properties of networks. Examples are selected from many fields including medicine, physiology, ecology, biochemistry, cell biology, and genetics. Students will learn to conceptualize and quantify interactions within biological systems using simple mathematical models and computer programs. No previous experience in programming is required. (SP) Lim

117.  Medical Ethnobotany. (2)   Two hours of lecture per week. Biological diversity and ethno-linguistic diversity sustain traditional botanical medicine systems of the world. Major topics covered in this course include cultural origins of medicinal plant knowledge on plant-derived pharmaceuticals and phytomedicines; field research methods in ethnobotany and ethnopharmacology; examples of how traditional botanical medicines provide safe, effective, affordable, and sustainable primary health care to tropical countries; human physiology, human diseases, and mechanisms of action of plant-derived drugs. (F) Carlson

117LF.  Medical Ethnobotany Laboratory. (2)   Six hours of laboratory per week. Formerly 117L. Laboratory will focus on studying medicinal plants from the major ecosystems and geographical regions of the world. Students will learn common names, scientific names, plant families, field identification, habitats, and ethnomedical uses of medicinal plants. How the medicinal plant is prepared, administered, and used as a phytomedicine will also be discussed. There will be reference to the phylogenetic relationships between the plant families and genera represented by the medicinal plants. (F) Carlson

118.  Host-Pathogen Interactions: A Trans-Discipline Outlook. (4)   Three hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1A-1B. The second half of the 20th century is marked by great strides in the battle against infectious diseases. However, the forces that drive pathogen evolution continue to pose new challenges for science and medicine. In this course we will cover various aspects relating to host-pathogen interactions, focusing on animals and their bacterial pathogens. We will address the ecology of host-pathogen interactions, their shaping by co-evolution, examine prominent molecular mechanisms taking part in this warfare and learn how ancient mechanisms are used and reused through millions of years of evolution. The course will examine how better understanding of host-pathogen interactions can suggest new strategies for fighting infectious diseases. (F) Shapira

119.  Evaluating Scientific Evidence in Medicine. (3)   Two hours of lecture, one computer laboratory, and one discussion per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1A-1B. A course in critical analysis of medical reports and studies using recent controversial topics in medicine. Course will focus on information gathering, hypothesis testing, evaluating study design, methodological problems, mechanisms of bias, interpretation of results, statistics, and attribution of causation. Students participate in a mock trial as a way to demonstrate their abilities to gather, critically analyze, and present scientific and medical evidence. (SP) G. Caldwell

123AL.  Exercise Physiology with Laboratory. (5)   Student will receive partial credit for 123AL after taking 123A. Three hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1A, Chemistry 3B and Integrative Biology 132 or Molecular and Cell Biology 136. Discussion of how chemical energy is captured within cells and how potential chemical energy is converted to muscular work. Energetics, direct and indirect calorimetry, pathways of carbon flow in exercise, ventilation, circulation, skeletal muscle fiber types. Laboratory component of the course is to obtain practical experience in the measurement of physiological parameters and to be able to compile, compare, contrast, and interpret physiological data. Laboratory demonstrations and exercises will explain lecture content. (F) Brooks

C125L.  Introduction to the Biomechanical Analysis of Human Movement. (4)   Three hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Prerequisites: Integrative Biology 131 and 131L; Physical Education 9. Formerly C165. Basic biomechanical and anatomical concepts of human movement and their application to fundamental movement patterns, exercise, and sport skills. Also listed as Physical Education C165. (F) Scott

127L.  Motor Control with Laboratory. (3)   Students will receive partial credit for 127L after taking 127. Two hours of lecture and two hours of laboratory per week. Prerequisites: 132 or Molecular and Cell Biology 136. Neural control of movement in humans and other animals. Lectures introduce basic theories of information and control, analyze motor control at the spinal level, survey anatomy and physiology of motor systems of the brain, and synthesize theory and physiology to understand control systems that regulate posture, locomotion, and voluntary movements. In laboratories, students learn theory and motor physiology hands-on, and design and perform independent investigations. (F) Lehman

C129L.  Human Physiological Assessment. (3)   Two hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Prerequisites: Integrative Biology 123A and 123AL (may be taken concurrently). Formerly C129. Principles and theories of human physiological assessment in relation to physical activity and conditioning. Performance of laboratory procedures in the measurement and interpretation of physiological fitness (cardiorespiratory endurance, body composition, musculoskeletal fitness). Also listed as Physical Education C129. (SP) Johannessen

131.  General Human Anatomy. (3)   Three hours of lecture per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1A-1B or Chemistry 1A. The functional anatomy of the human body as revealed by gross and microscopic examination. Designed to be taken concurrently with 131L. (F,SP) Carlson

131A.  Applied Anatomy. (1)   Course may be repeated once for credit. One hour of lecture per week. Must be taken on a passed/not passed basis. A series of 15 lectures by former students of 131 who have become successful physicians and surgeons. The purpose is to provide the practical applications of anatomy, e.g., plastic surgeons, neurosurgeons, vascular surgeons, pathologists, etc. (F) Diamond

131L.  General Human Anatomy Laboratory. (2)   Four hours of laboratory per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1A-1B or Chemistry 1A. 131 (may be taken concurrently). Prepared human dissections, models, and microscopic slides. (F) Carlson

132.  Survey of Human Physiology. (3)   Students will receive no credit for 132 after taking Physiology 100 or 101 or Molecular and Cell Biology 32, 136. Three hours of lecture per week. Prerequisites: 131, Biology 1A. Mechanisms by which key physiological priorities are maintained in healthy humans. From a basis in elementary theories of information and control, we develop an understanding of homeostasis of cellular composition, structure, and energy metabolism. We then study neural and endocrine signaling in humans, and develop the key concepts of control and homeostasis in all the major organ and multi-organ systems, including cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, metabolic, reproductive, and immune systems, growth and development, and sensory and motor systems. (SP) Brooks, Kaufer, Lehman

132L.  Mammalian Physiology Laboratory. (2)   Students will receive no credit for 132L after taking Molecular and Cell Biology 32L or 136L, or if currently enrolled in similar courses. Three hours of laboratory per week. Prerequisites: Previous or concurrent enrollment in 132 or equivalent, or consent of instructor. In the laboratory component of Integrative Biology 132, students gain hands-on experience measuring physiological parameters, interpreting physiological data, designing experiments, and communicating ideas in writing and orally. Guided investigations include measurements of membrane potentials, responses of skeletal muscle to electrical stimulation, electromyography, pulmonary and cardiovascular measurements in humans, contractility and regulation of the frog heart, human electrocardiography, and renal control of body fluids. In two independent investigations, students identify their own questions, develop hypotheses, design and perform experiments, and present their studies in symposia. Background in elementary statistics, data analysis and oral presentation are also provided. (SP) Brooks, Kaufer, Lehman

133.  Anatomy Enrichment Program. (2)   Course may be repeated for credit. Fieldwork--minimum of four hours per week arranged. Must be taken on a passed/not passed basis. Prerequisites: 131 with a grade of A or B. The purpose of the course is for University students to teach human anatomy to grades K-7 in the public schools. The UCB students work in groups of 2-3 to plan their presentations of the systems of the body and then enter the school rooms to teach what they have learned in 131. (SP) Diamond

135.  The Mechanics of Organisms. (4)   Three hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Introductory physics and biology recommended. Organism design in terms of mechanical principles; basics of fluid and solid mechanics with examples of their biological implications, stressing the dependence of mechanical behavior and locomotion on the structure of molecules, tissues, structural elements, whole organisms, and habitats. Offered alternate years. (F) Dudley, Full, Koehl

C135L.  Laboratory in the Mechanics of Organisms. (3)   Students will receive no credit for Integrative Biology C135L, Bioengineering C136L or Electrical Engineering C145O after taking Integrative Biology 135L. Six hours of laboratory and one hour of discussion per week, plus one field trip. Prerequisites: Integrative Biology 135 or consent of instructor; Electrical Engineering 105, 120 or Computer Science 184 recommended. Formerly Integrative Biology 135L. Introduction to laboratory and field study of the biomechanics of animals and plants using fundamental biomechanical techniques and equipment. Course has a series of rotations involving students in experiments demonstrating how solid and fluid mechanics can be used to discover the way in which diverse organisms move and interact with their physical environment. The laboratories emphasize sampling methodology, experimental design, and statistical interpretation of results. Latter third of course devoted to independent research projects. Written reports and class presentation of project results are required. Also listed as Electrical Engineering C145O and Bioengineering C136L. (SP) Staff

137.  Human Endocrinology. (4)   Three hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1A-1B; human physiology (132) strongly recommended. Course will address the role of hormones in physiology with a focus on humans. Regulation of hormone secretion and mechanisms of hormone action will be discussed. Physiological processes to be addressed include reproduction, metabolism, water balance, growth, fetal development. Experimental and clinical aspects will be addressed. (F) Hayes

138.  Comparative Endocrinology. (4)   Three hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1A-1B. Organic Chemistry recommended. The primary goal of this course is to provide students with a broad understanding of the evolution of hormonal systems. A comparative approach allows us to envisage how the complex mammalian endocrine system presumably evolved from that of more primitive vertebrates. Students will learn about endocrine pathways and endocrine-based behaviors of jawless fishes, fishes, amphibia, reptiles, birds, and mammals. In addition, students will gain an understanding of the experimental methods used in endocrine research. The class teaches students how to read and interpret the primary scientific literature; thus it encourages the critical thinking that is a fundamental skill for any scientist. (F) Bentley

C139.  The Biology of Stress. (3)   Two hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1A or Psychology 110. This is an upper division undergraduate course designed to explore the impact of stress (as a product of genes, environment, hormones) on brain and behavior. It will adopt both a multidisciplinary and a transdisciplinary approach to the concept of stress. What is stress, how is it measured, what are differences between acute and chronic stressor exposure on physiological processes, on the brain, how does stress affect gene expression or neurogenesis, what are the relationships between stress and disease? All of these questions will be addressed in this course. Also listed as Psychology C112.

140.  Biology of Human Reproduction. (4)   Three hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1A or equivalent. Course focuses on biological and cultural aspects of human reproduction including conception, embryology, pregnancy, labor, delivery, lactation, infant/child development, puberty, and reproductive aging. This includes study of factors that diminish and factors that enhance fertility, reproduction, and maternal-child health. We explore evolutionary, ecological, environmental, cultural, ethnobiological, and nutritional determinants of fertility, reproductive rate, infant survival, and population growth. (SP) Carlson

C142L.  Introduction to Human Osteology. (6)   Six hours of lecture and fourteen hours of laboratory per week. Prerequisites: Anthropology 1, Biology 1B. Formerly C142. An intensive study of the human skeleton, reconstruction of individual and population characteristics, emphasizing methodology and analysis of human populations from archaeological and paleontological contexts, taphonomy, and paleopathology. Also listed as Anthropology C103. Offered alternate years. (SP) White

C143A.  Biological Clocks: Physiology and Behavior. (3)   Two hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Completion of biological prerequisites for the major and one of the following: Psychology 110 or a course in animal organismal physiology (Integrative Biology 132, 140, 148, or Molecular and Cell Biology 160). A consideration of the biological clocks that generate daily, lunar, seasonal and annual rhythms in various animals including people. Emphasis on neuroendocrine substrates, development and adaptive significance of estrous cycles, feeding rhythms, sleep-wakefulness cycles, reproductive and hibernation cycles, body weight and migratory cycles. Also listed as Psychology C113.

C143B.  Hormones and Behavior. (3)   Two hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Completion of biological prerequisites for the major and consent of instructor; a course in mammalian physiology recommended. This course provides a comprehensive overview of behavorial endocrinology beginning with hormone production and actions on target issues and continuing with an exploration of a variety of behaviors and their hormonal regulation/consequences. The course uses a comparative approach to examine the reciprocal interactions between the neuroendocrine system and behavior, considering the effects of hormone on development and adult behavior in addition to how behavior regulates endocrine physiology. While much of the course focuses on non-human vertebrate species, the relevance to humans is explored where appropriate. Topics include sexual differentiation and sex differences in behavior, reproductive, parental, and aggressive behaviors, and hormonal and behavioral homeostatic regulation. Also listed as Psychology C116.

144.  Animal Behavior. (4)   Students will receive no credit for 144 after taking C144, 145, 146LF, or Psychology C115B. Three hours of lecture and one hour of discussion/demonstration per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1A, 1B, or Environmental Science, Policy, and Management 140. Molecular and Cell Biology 140 and C160 recommended. An introduction to comparative animal behavior and behavioral physiology in an evolutionary context, including but not limited to analysis of behavior, genetics and development, learning, aggression, reproduction, adaptiveness, and physiological substrates. (F) Staff

146.  Behavioral Ecology. (3)   Two hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Prerequisites: C144. An in-depth examination of the ecological and evolutionary bases for behavioral diversity. Topics covered include behavior as an adaptive response, sexual selection, animal mating system, group living, and cooperative and competitive interactions. Current conceptual approaches to these topics are explored, with an emphasis upon rigorous testing of hypotheses drawn from the primary literature. Discussion sections are used to explore selected topics in greater detail and to stimulate critical review of recent research in behavioral ecology. Two midterms plus several discussion-based written assignments. Offered alternate years. (SP) Lacey

146LF.  Behavioral Ecology with Laboratory. (5)   Students will receive partial credit for 146LF after taking 146. Two hours of lecture, one hour of discussion, and three hours of laboratory per week, plus one weekend field trip. Prerequisites: 144 or C144 or consent of instructor. Formerly 146L. An in-depth examination of the ecological and evolutionary bases for behavioral diversity. Topics covered include behavior as an adaptive response, sexual selection, animal mating systems, group living, and cooperative and competitive interactions. Current conceptual approaches to these topics are explored, with an emphasis upon rigorous testing of hypotheses drawn from primary literature. Hands-on laboratory training in the methods of experimental design, data collection, and data analysis. Offered alternate years. (SP) Lacey

148.  Comparative Animal Physiology. (3)   Students will receive no credit for 148 after taking 100A. Three hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1A-1B. Comparative study of physiological systems among animal phyla. General physiological principles will be illustrated by examining variation in neural, muscular, endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and osmoregulatory systems. Students will read original literature and give a group presentation in a symposium. Offered alternate years. (F) Full, Dudley, Koehl

C149.  Molecular Ecology. (4)   Students will receive no credit for C149 if they took 149 prior to spring 2003. Three hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Integrative Biology 162 or consent of instructor. Formerly 149. This course focuses on the use of molecular genetic information in ecology. Applications and techniques covered range from analysis of parentage and relatedness (DNA fingerprinting and multilocus genetic analysis) through gene flow, biogeographic history and community composition (comparative DNA sequencing) to analysis of diet and trophic interactions (biological isotopes). Grades are based on one final exam, problem sheets, and a critique of a recent research paper. Also listed as Environ Sci, Policy, and Management C149. Offered alternate years. (SP) Staff

151.  Plant Physiological Ecology. (3)   Three hours of lecture per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1B or consent of instructor (an introductory course in ecology, plant physiology, and biochemistry is very helpful). This course is a detailed survey of the physiological approaches used in understanding the relationships between plants and their environment from the functional perspective. Lectures explore physiological adaptation; limiting factors; resources acquisition and allocation; photosynthesis, carbon, and energy balance; water use and water relations; nutrient relations; linking physiology; stable isotope applications in ecophysiology; stress physiology; life history and physiology; the evolution of physiological performance; and physiology at the population, community, and ecosystem levels. Offered alternate odd years. (SP) Dawson

151L.  Plant Physiological Ecology Laboratory. (2)   Three hours of laboratory per week. Prerequisites: Concurrent enrollment in 151. The purpose of the laboratory is to allow you to become familiar with the approaches and methodology used in plant physiology ecology. The course will introduce students to a number of techniques and make measurements on different plant species growing in the field or greenhouse. Offered alternate odd years. (SP) Dawson

152.  Environmental Toxicology. (4)   Three hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Background in biology or chemistry is recommended. The environmental fate and effect of toxic substances from human activities, with emphasis on aquatic systems, including their biological effects from the molecular to the community level. Course will review pollutant types, principal sources, impacts on aquatic organisms, monitoring approaches, and regulatory issues. (SP) Weston

153.  Ecology. (3)   Three hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1B or consent of instructor. Principles of microbial, animal, and plant population ecology, illustrated with examples from marine, freshwater, and terrestrial habitats. Consideration of the roles of physical and biological processes in structuring natural communities. Observational, experimental, and theoretical approaches to population and community ecology will be discussed. Topics will include quantitative approaches relying on algebra, graph analysis, and elementary calculus. Discussion section will review recent literature in ecology. (F) Ackerly

153LF.  Laboratory in Population and Community Ecology. (3)   Eight hours of laboratory per week, plus two or three weekend field trips. Prerequisites: 153 (may be taken concurrently) or consent of instructor; introductory course in statistics strongly recommended. Formerly 153L. Introduction to field and laboratory study of ecological patterns and processes in nature. Course begins with a series of group field exercises conducted in local terrestrial, aquatic, and marine habitats. These exercises emphasize sampling methodology, experimental design, and statistical interpretation of results. Latter half of course devoted to independent research projects. A written report and class presentation of project results are required.

154.  Plant Ecology. (3)   Three hours of lecture/discussion per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1B. Enrollment in accompanying lab course 154L is encouraged but not required. An introduction to ecology of plants, covering individuals, populations, communities, and global processes. Topics include: form and function, population ecology, life histories, community structure and dynamics, disturbance and succession, diversity and global change. (F) Ackerly

154L.  Plant Ecology Laboratory. (2)   Four hours of laboratory per week and two or three one-day field trips. Prerequisites: Biology 1B. Concurrent enrollment in 154. Field and laboratory class in plant ecology. Laboratory exercises covering plant functional morphology, dispersal ecology, spatial dispersion in plant populations, environmental gradients and plant distributions, population dynamics simulations, and restoration ecology. Small-group independents projects, with write-ups and presentations. Concurrent enrollment in Integrative Biology 154 is required. (F) Ackerly

C155.  Holocene Paleoecology: How Humans Changed the Earth. (3)   Students will receive no credit for C155 after taking 155 and/or Anthropology 129D. Deficient grade in 155 and/or 129D may be removed by taking C129D. Three hours of lecture per week. Prerequisites: Either Anthropology 2 or Biology 1A. Since the end of the Pleistocene and especially with the development of agriculturally based societies humans have had cumulative and often irreversible impacts on natural landscapes and biotic resources worldwide. Thus "global change" and the biodiversity crisis are not exclusively developments of the industrial and post-industrial world. This course uses a multi-disciplinary approach, drawing upon methods and data from archaeology, palynology, geomorphology, paleontology, and historical ecology to unravel the broad trends of human ecodynamics over the past 10,000 years. Also listed as Anthropology C129D. (F,SP) Kirch

C156.  Principles of Conservation Biology. (4)   Three hours of lecture and one and one-half hours of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1A-1B or equivalent. A survey of the principles and practices of conservation biology. Factors that affect the creation, destruction, and distribution of biological diversity at the level of the gene, species, and ecosystem are examined. Tools and management options derived from ecology and evolutionary biology that can recover or prevent the loss of biological diversity are explored. Also listed as Environ Sci, Policy, and Management C103. (SP) Beissinger

157LF.  Ecosystems of California. (4)   Six hours of fieldwork per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1B or consent of instructor. Formerly 157L. The ecosystems of California are studied from both an ecological and historical biogeographical perspective with a focus on terrestrial plant communities. Students learn how to identify about 150 species of native plants (mostly trees, but also other dominant plants from the non-forest biomes). Field trips occur each Friday and over several weekends. Students conduct group projects that involve plant inventories and data collection as well as how to collect plant specimens and use the Herbarium. (F) Fine

158LF.  Biology and Geomorphology of Tropical Islands. (13)   Students will receive no credit for Integrative Biology 158LF/Enivronmental Science, Policy, and Management C107 after taking Geography C142. Nine hours of lecture for 6 weeks; field projects for 6 weeks; three hours of lecture for 3 weeks. Formerly C158. Natural history and evolutionary biology of island terrestrial and freshwater organisms, and of marine organisms in the coral reef and lagoon systems will be studied, and the geomorphology of volcanic islands, coral reefs, and reef islands will be discussed. Features of island biogeography will be illustrated with topics linked to subsequent field studies on the island of Moorea (French Polynesia). Also listed as Environ Sci, Policy, and Management C107. (F) Staff

159.  The Living Planet: Impact of the Biosphere on the Earth System. (3)   Students will receive two units of credit after taking Earth and Planetary Science 8, Earth and Planetary Science C141/Geography C141, or Geography 40. Two hours of lecture and two hours of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1B or consent of instructor. Earth is a complex dynamic system. Interplay between its components (solid earth, oceans, and atmosphere) governs conditions on the planet's outside that we and other biota inhabit. In turn, life asserts a vast influence on the abiotic components; in fact, the biosphere itself is a crucial system component. We will explore the effect that 3.5 billion years of evolving biosphere had on System Earth and vice versa (e.g., in terms of climate), including the recent human impact on the system. (F) Looy, Duijnstee

160.  Evolution. (4)   Three hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1B. An analysis of the patterns and processes of organic evolution. History and philosophy of evolutionary thought; the different lines of evidence and fields of inquiry that bear on the understanding of evolution. The major features and processes of evolution through geologic times; the generation of new forms and new lineages; extinction; population processes of selection, adaptation, and other forces; genetics, genomics, and the molecular basis of evolution; evolutionary developmental biology; sexual selection; behavorial evolution; applications of evolutionary biology to medical, agricultural, conservational, and anthropological research. (F) Boore, Moritz, Padian

161.  Population and Evolutionary Genetics. (4)   Course may be repeated for credit. Three hours of lecture and two hours of computer and/or discussion per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1A/1B, Mathematics 16A or 10A. Population genetics provides the theoretical foundation for modern evolutionary thinking. It also provides a basis for understanding genetic variation within populations. We will study population genetic theory and use it to illuminate a number of different topics, including the existence of sex, altruism and cooperation, genome evolution speciation, and human genetic variation and evolution. (SP) Nielson

162.  Ecological Genetics. (4)   Three hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1B. This course integrates ecology, genetics, and evolutionary biology. It presents contemporary approaches to studying evolution in natural populations, including analyzing heritability of ecologically important traits, using molecular techniques to decompose genotypes, documenting and measuring the magnitude of selection in natural systems, and using models to predict evolution in natural populations. Case studies are used to examine evolutionary effects of ecological interactions among organisms, the importance of population size and structure, and interactions among populations through migration and dispersal. (F) Simms

163.  Molecular and Genomic Evolution. (3)   Three hours of lecture per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1A-1B. This course will introduce undergraduates to the study of evolution using molecular and genomic methods. Topics included will be rates of evolution, evolution of sex chromosomes, insertions and deletions of DNA sequences, evolution of regulatory genetic elements, methods of phylogenetic inference, gene duplication, multigene families, transposons, genome organization, gene transfer, and DNA polymorphism within species. (SP) Bachtrog, Slatkin

164.  Human Genetics and Genomics. (4)   Three hours of lecture and two hours of computer laboratory per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1A, 1B, and Math 16A, or equivalent. This course will introduce students to basic principles of genetics, including transmissions genetics, gene regulation, pedigree analysis, genetic mapping, population genetics, and the principles of molecular evolution. The course will also introduce students to recent developments in genomics as applied to problems in human genetic diseases, human history, and the relationship between humans and their closest relatives. (F) Bachtrog, Nielsen, Slatkin

166.  Evolutionary Biogeography. (4)   Three hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1B, 11, Geography 148 or Earth and Planetary Science 50. The goals of the course are to (a) examine how geographically-linked characteristics of species influence their potential for evolution and extinction; and (b) provide an overview of the analytical techniques and applications for studying the interplay between geographic ranges, environment, evolution, and extinction. Accordingly, the course begins by examining what geographic ranges of species are and what controls them. We then will explore how geographic-range characteristics influence and interact with speciation and extinction processes. With that foundation, we will examine how species assemble into communities and how ecological processes govern distributions at the community and landscape levels, touching on such topics as community energetics, scaling issues, and the influences of humans on "natural" ecosystems. The last third of the course will be devoted to an overview of quantitative analytical techniques that commonly are used to study interactions between biogeogeographic ranges, evolutionary processes, extinction, and environmental change. (SP) Barnosky

168.  Systematics of Vascular Plants. (2)   Two hours of lecture per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1A-1B. Must be taken concurrently with 168L. A discussion of the philosophy, principles, techniques, and history of botanical systemics. An outline of the major group of vascular plants and their evolution. (SP) Baldwin

168L.  Systematics of Vascular Plants with Laboratory. (4)   Students will receive partial credit for 168L after taking 168. Two hours of lecture and six hours of laboratory per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1A-1B. A discussion of the philosophy, principles, techniques, and history of botanical systemics. An outline of the major group of vascular plant and their evolution. Laboratory course devoted to a survey on a world-wide basis of the diversity of vascular plant families. (SP) Baldwin

169.  Evolutionary Medicine. (4)   Three hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1B, or equivalent. Formerly 163. This course explores the ways that evolutionary theory can illuminate our understanding of human health and disease. The integration of evolutionary concepts into health sciences can deepen our understanding of the origins of diseases and how human populations evolve in response to these ailments. The course begins with an introduction to evolutionary medicine (two hours of lecture) followed by an overview of human genetic variation and natural selection (six hours of lecture). With this foundation, we study the evolution of human diet and the evolution of human ecological relationships with the environment (six hours of lecture). We then explore the fascinating topic of infectious disease ecology from the perspective of both microbial and human evolutionary responses (nine hours of lecture). Next, we evaluate the fields of reproductive biology, gynecology, and infant/child health through an evolutionary lens (twelve hours of lecture). Finally, we examine evolutionary concepts in chronic metabolic and degenerative diseases associated with aging and lifestyle (ten hours of lecture). (SP) Carlson

173LF.  Mammalogy with Laboratory. (5)   Students will receive partial credit for 173LF after taking 173. Two hours of lecture and six hours of laboratory per week, plus two weekend field trips. Prerequisites: 104LF. Formerly 173L. An advanced course in the biology of mammals. Topics covered include elements of modern mammalian biology such as morphology, physiology, ecology, and behavior. For all topics, the traits that define mammals are emphasized, as is the variation on these themes evident within modern mammalian lineages. Laboratory and field explore the biology of modern mammals. Laboratories use the extensive collections of the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology to introduce students to mammalian diversity in a phylogenetic context. Offered alternate years. (SP) Lacey

174LF.  Ornithology with Laboratory. (4)   Students will receive partial credit for 174LF after taking 174. Two hours of lecture and six hours of laboratory per week, plus one weekend field trip. Prerequisites: 104L or consent of instructor. Formerly 174L. An advanced course in the biology of birds. Laboratory: an introduction to the diversity, morphology, and general ecology of birds of the world. Offered alternate years. (SP) Bowie

175LF.  Herpetology with Laboratory. (4)   Students will receive partial credit for 175LF after taking 175. Two hours of lecture and four hours of laboratory per week, plus two field trips. Prerequisites: 104LF. Formerly 175L. Lectures will introduce students to the diversity of amphibians and reptiles on a world-wide basis, with an emphasis on systematics, ecology, morphology, and life history. Laboratories will teach students the diagnostic characteristics and some functional attributes of amphibians and reptiles on a world-wide basis. Field trips will acquaint students with techniques for collecting, preserving, identifying, and studying amphibians and reptiles. Offered alternate years. (SP) McGuire

C176L.  Fish Ecology. (3)   Two hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week; one Saturday field trip. Prerequisites: Introductory course in biological science; upper division or graduate standing. Introduction to fish ecology, with particular emphasis on the identification and ecology of California's inland fishes. This course will expose students to the diversity of fishes found in California, emphasizing the physical (e.g., temperature, flow), biotic (e.g., predation, competition), and human-related (e.g., dams, fisheries) factors that affect the distribution, diversity, and abundance of these fishes. Also listed as Environ Sci, Policy, and Management C115C. (F) Carlson

181.  Paleobotany - The 500-Million Year History of a Greening Planet. (3)   Two hours of lecture and one and one-half hours of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Courses in botany and geology are recommended. Introduction to evolution of plants and their ecosystems through time. Earliest plant life, transition to land, and the emergence of terrestrial ecosystems. Follow the evolution of major plant groups during important moments in time through the Phanerozoic (last 650 million years). Explore ancient fossilized plant communities, their ecological properties, and examine how major environmental upheavals affected their evolution. The profound impact plants have on the functioning of our planet's surface and atmosphere. (F) Looy

183L.  Evolution of the Vertebrates with Laboratory. (4)   Students will receive partial credit for 183L after taking 183. Three hours of lecture and two hours of laboratory per week. Prerequisites: Biology 1B; introductory courses in earth history and zoology are recommended. Introduction to vertebrate paleontology, focusing on the history and phylogeny of vertebrates ranging from fishes to humans. Emphasis: evolution, taxonomy, functional morphology, faunas through time, problems in vertebrate history, including diversity through time and extinction. Laboratory: vertebrate fossils, focusing on demonstration and study of problems related to taxonomy, evolution, functional morphology, structures, preservation of fossil vertebrates, and their faunas through time. Offered alternate years. (F) Padian

184L.  Morphology of the Vertebrate Skeleton with Laboratory. (4)   Students will receive partial credit for 184L after taking 184. Two hours of lecture, six hours of laboratory, and one hour of discussion per week. Prerequisites: Anthropology 1 and Biology 1B. Lectures on comparative osteology of vertebrates, with emphasis on selected groups of terrestrial vertebrates considered in paleoecological, paleoclimatological, and biostratigraphic analyses. Laboratory: comparative osteology of vertebrates, with emphasis on selected groups of vertebrates. Structure, anatomy, morphology, function, and development of the vertebrate skeleton. Offered alternate years. (F) Barnosky

C185L.  Human Paleontology. (5)   Three hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Prerequisites: Anthropology 1, Biology 1A-1B. Formerly C185. Origin and relationships of the extinct forms of mankind. Also listed as Anthropology C100. Offered alternate years. (SP) White

C187.  Human Biogeography of the Pacific. (3)   Students will receive no credit for C187 after taking 187. A deficient grade in 187 maybe removed by taking C187 and/or Anthropology C124C. Three hours of lecture per week. Prerequisites: Anthropology 1 or Biology 1B or consent of instructor. This course examines the history of human dispersal across Oceania from the perspectives of biogeography and evolutionary ecology. H. sapiens faced problems of dispersal, colonization, and extinction, and adapted in a variety of ways to the diversity of insular ecosystems. A dual evolutionary model takes into account cultural evolution and transmission, as well as biological evolution of human populations. This course also explores the impacts of human populations on isolated and fragile insular ecosystems, and the reciprocal effects of anthropogenic change on human cultures. Also listed as Anthropology C124C. (F,SP) Kirch

190.  Seminar for Integrative Biology Majors. (1-3)   Course may be repeated for credit. One to three hours of seminar per week. Prerequisites: Consent of instructor. This upper-division undergraduate course will allow students to pursue specialized topics in biology in a seminar format. The specific content of the course will vary based on the topic and the instructor. In general, weekly meetings will provide a forum for extended discussion of selected aspects of evolutionary biology. Supplementary readings and assignments will provide critical background information and keep students engaged in relevant topics between weekly meetings. (F,SP) Staff

191.  Directed Undergraduate Research. (3)   Nine hours of supervised independent research per week. Prerequisites: Consent of instructor and departmental adviser. This course is intended for advanced undergraduates wishing to pursue independent research projects under the mentorship of an IB faculty member. Research projects will be rigorous and will provide significant training in the methods of evoluntionary research. A project proposal is required to enroll and students are expected to porduce a substantial written summary of their work. (F,SP) Staff

194.  Undergraduate Student Instructor for Integrative Biology Courses. (1-3)   Course may be repeated for credit. Three to four hours of lecture per week per unit. Must be taken on a passed/not passed basis. Prerequisites: Must have completed course applying to UGSI with a grade of B or better; or consent of instructor. UGSI will work under supervision of instructor and/or GSI. The UGSI will attend any mandatory preparatory and review meetings, be available in the classroom (discussion or laboratory) to respond to student questions, facilitate lesson plans, perform other tasks as assigned. UGSIs do not evaluate students' work or assign grades. (F,SP) Staff

C195.  Introduction to Global Health Disparities Research. (2)   One hour of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Prerequisites: All course participants must be accepted into the UCB MHGH Fellowship Program. This course is designed to prepare trainees in the UC Berkeley "Minority Health/Global Health" (MH/GH) program to conduct a ten-week infectious disease research project in a disease-endemic country. The course provides a background in neglected tropical disease research, international research ethics, and the conduct of health research in low-resource settings. Also listed as Public Health C117. (SP) Reingold

H196A-H196B.  Thesis Course. (3;3)   Course may be repeated for credit. Individually arranged. Prerequisites: Open only to students in Honors Program. Individual study and research for at least one academic year on a special problem to be chosen in consultation with a member of the staff; preparation of the thesis on broader aspects of this work. (F,SP) Staff

197.  Supervised Internship. (1-4)   Course may be repeated for credit. Hours by arrangement with faculty. Must be taken on a passed/not passed basis. Prerequisites: Consent of Integrative Biology faculty sponsor. Supervised experience relevant to specific topics of biology in off-campus organizations. Written report and evaluation from internship supervisor required. (F,SP) Staff

198.  Supervised Group Study and Research By Upper Division Students. (1-4)   Course may be repeated for credit. Enrollment is restricted; see the Introduction to Courses and Curricula section of this catalog. Must be taken on a passed/not passed basis. Undergraduate research by small groups. (F,SP) Staff

199.  Supervised Independent Study and Research. (1-4)   Course may be repeated for credit. Enrollment is restricted; see the Introduction to Courses and Curricula section of this catalog. Hours to be arranged. Must be taken on a passed/not passed basis. Prerequisites: Background courses in chosen subjects. Enrollment restrictions apply; see department. (F,SP) Staff

Graduate Courses

200A.  Principles of Phylogenetics: Systematics. (4)   Three hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. The core theory and methodology for phylogenetic systematics with emphasis on both morphology and molecules, and both living and fossil organisms. Topics include homology, character analysis, competing optimality criteria, classification, and a brief introduction to comparative methods. Laboratories are closely integrated with lectures and cover the major algorithms and software. Requirements include a practical term project. Note: this course and 200B may be taken in either order or alone. Offered even-numbered years. (SP) Mishler, Lindberg, Will

200B.  Principles of Phylogenetics: Ecology and Evolution. (4)   Three hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. The uses of phylogenetic trees in comparative biology. Covers the many applications of phylogenetics to biogeography, speciation, conservation, population genetics, ecology, behavior, development, functional morphology, and macroevolution that are revolutionizing those fields. Laboratories are closely integrated with lectures and cover algorithms and software. Requirements include a practical term project. Note: this course and 200A may be taken in either order or alone. Offered odd-numbered years. (SP) Mishler, Ackerly, Lindberg

C204.  Research Reviews in Animal Behavior: Behavior Review. (1)   Course may be repeated for credit. One and one-half hours of seminar per week. Prerequisites: Graduate standing, basic course in animal behavior, and consent of instructor. This course will discuss current publications in animal behavior. A student will summarize a paper and lead the discussion that follows. Occasionally, the group reviews a manuscript in preparation, or a thesis proposal. Not all participants need report, but all are expected to attend and enter into the discussions. Guest lecturers are invited each semester. Also listed as Environ Sci, Policy, and Management C204 and Psychology C204. (F,SP)

C205.  Quantitative Methods for Ecological and Environmental Modeling. (3)   Three hours of lecture per week. Prerequisites: Consent of instructor. This course will review the background mathematical and statistical tools necessary for students interested in pursuing ecological and environmental modeling. Topics include linear algebra; difference equation, ordinary differential equation, and partial differential equation models; stochastic processes; parameter estimation; and a number of statistical techniques. This course will be recommended as a prerequisite for advanced modeling courses in Integrative Biology, Energy and Resources Group, and Environmental Science, Policy, and Management. Also listed as Environ Sci, Policy, and Management C205 and Energy and Resources Group C205. (F) Staff

206.  Statistical Phylogenetics. (3)   Three hours of lecture per week. Prerequisites: College level course in calculus. This course is aimed at students who wish to understand the evolutionary models and methods for estimating phylogenies (which are trees representing how organisms are related to one another). Topics include continuous-time Markov chains as applied in phylogenetics; maximum likelihood estimation; Bayesian estimation; the combinatorics of evolutionary trees; Markov chain Monte Carlo; distance and parsimony methods for estimating trees; optimization strategies for finding best trees. Students will learn to write computer programs that implement many of the methods discussed in class, and apply their knowledge in a research project. (F) Huelsenbeck

C215.  Communicating Ocean Science. (4)   Two and one-half hours of lecture, one hour of discussion, and two hours of fieldwork per week. Prerequisites: One course in introductory biology, geology, chemistry, physics, or marine science required and interest in ocean science; junior, senior, or graduate standing; consent of instructor required for sophomores. For graduate students interested in improving their ability to communicate their scientific knowledge by teaching ocean science in elementary schools or science centers/aquariums. The course will combine instruction in inquiry-based teaching methods and learning pedagogy with six weeks of supervised teaching experience in a local school classroom or the Lawrence Hall of Science with a partner. Thus, students will practice communicating scientific knowledge and receive mentoring on how to improve their presentations. Also listed as Geography C301 and Earth and Planetary Science C301. (SP) Ingram

C216.  Freshwater Ecology. (3)   Two hours of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. This graduate course will combine formal lectures and discussion, with the overall goal of exposing students to general concepts in freshwater ecology. We will discuss a broad range of topics including freshwater environments and biota, natural selection and adaptive evolution, food webs and trophic cascades, cross-ecosystem linkages, and social-ecological resilience of freshwater ecosystems under global change. Upper division undergraduates are welcome, with permission of the instructors. Also listed as Environ Sci, Policy, and Management C216. (SP) Carlson, Power

C217.  Biomimetic Engineering -- Engineering from Biology. (3)   Three hours of lecture per week. Prerequisites: Graduate standing in engineering or consent of instructor. Study of nature's solutions to specific problems with the aim of determining appropriate engineering analogs. Morphology, scaling, and design in organisms applied to engineering structures. Mechanical principles in nature and their application to engineering devices. Mechanical behavior of biological materials as governed by underlying microstructure, with the potential for synthesis into engineered materials. Trade-offs between redundancy and efficiency. Students will work in teams on projects where they will take examples of designs, concepts, and models from biology and determine their potential in specific engineering applications. Also listed as Mechanical Engineering C217 and Bioengineering C217. (F) Dharan

222.  Seminar in Locomotion Energetics and Biomechanics. (2)   Two hours of seminar per week. Prerequisites: Consent of instructor. Discussion and critique of scientific literature and current topics in the biomechanics and energetic cost of locomotion. Emphasis on terrestrial-legged locomotion. Topics include efficiency, musculoskeletal design, energy-saving mechanisms, muscle mechanics, gaits, effects of scaling, and comparative aspects.

223.  Seminar in Physiological Bases of Physical Activity. (2)   Course may be repeated for credit. Two hours of seminar per week. Prerequisites: 123A, 123AL. Formerly Human Biodynamics 205. Immediate and long-range adaptations of the body to exercise. Physiological limits and work capacities in relation to age, sex, diet, environmental factors, and nature of activity. (F) Brooks

C226.  Isotopics. (2)   Three hours of seminar for ten weeks. Must be taken on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. This seminar will explore current topics that employ the use of stable isotopes. Discussion topics include the areas of biology, paleontology, biogeochemistry, soil science, and atmospheric science. Students will be required to lead at least one discussion of relevant literature in the topic area. Also listed as Environ Sci, Policy, and Management C225. (F) Amundson, Dawson, Mambelli

C227.  Stable Isotope Ecology. (5)   Three hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Prerequisites: Graduate standing. Course focuses on principles and applications of stable isotope chemistry as applied to the broad science of ecology. Lecture topics include principles of isotope behavior and chemistry, and isotope measurements in the context of terrestrial, aquatic, and marine ecological processes and problems. Students participate in a set of laboratory exercises involving preparation of samples of choice for isotopic analyses, the use of the mass spectrometer and optical analysis systems, and the anlaysis of data. Also listed as Earth and Planetary Science C241 and Environ Sci, Policy, and Management C220. (SP) Amundson, Dawson, Mambelli

C229.  Introduction to Climate Modeling. (3)   Course may be repeated for credit with consent of instructor. Three hours of lecture per week. Prerequisites: Earth and Planetary Sciences 181, Integrative Biology 106A, or background in fluid mechanics/thermodynamics, or consent of instructors. This course emphasizes the fundamentals of the climate system via a hierarchy of climate models. Topics will include energy balance, numerical techniques, climate observations, atmospheric and oceanic circulation and heat transports, and parameterizations of eddy processes. The model hierarchy will also explore nonlinear and stochastic processes, and biogeochemistry. Students will build computational models to investigate climate feedbacks, climate sensitivity, and response times. Also listed as Earth and Planetary Science C229. (SP) Fung, Powell

230.  Marine Science Review. (1)   One hour of seminar per week. Must be taken on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. Prerequisites: Senior or graduate standing; consent of instructor. Reports and discussion of original research in marine science. (F,SP) Herrlinger, Stillman

232.  Seminar in Biomechanics. (2)   Course may be repeated for credit. Two hours of seminar per week. Must be taken on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. Prerequisites: Consent of instructor. Presentation, discussion, and critique of current literature in scientific research and current topics in comparative biomechanics which include solid and fluid mechanics, locomotion, and energetics. (F,SP) Staff

234.  Seminar on Biology of Amphibians and Reptiles. (1)   Course may be repeated for credit. Two hours of seminar every other week. Must be taken on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. Prerequisites: Graduate standing and consent of instructor. Formerly Zoology 265 Review of current research activity and literature concerning the biology of amphibians and reptiles. (F,SP) Staff

241.  Advanced Topics in Endocrine-Regulated Development. (3)   Course may be repeated for credit. Three hours of seminar per week. This course will examine intentional endocrine disruption, such as the use of pharmaceuticals to regulate hormones in humans, livestock, and wildlife. We will also evaluate endocrine disrupting pollutants and their impacts on wildlife and humans, including their potential role in cancer. (SP) Hayes

245.  Functional Neuroanatomy. (2)   Two hours of lecture per week. Prerequisites: Consent of instructor. Development, structural (gross and microscopic) and functional relationships of the mammalian central nervous system. (SP) Diamond

245L.  Functional Neuroanatomy Laboratory. (2)   Six hours of laboratory per week. Prerequisites: Consent of instructor. Histological examination of the human nervous system; gross dissection of the human brain. (SP) Diamond

246.  Seminars in Systems Biology. (2)   Course may be repeated for credit. Two hours of seminar per week. Prerequisites: Consent of instructor. This course discusses seminal papers in the field of systems biology with particular emphasis on gene regulation and cell biology. The course covers the critical analysis of primary research data, computational modeling, and important theoretical concepts in systems biology. Topics vary from year to year. (SP) Lim

248.  Comparative Physiology and Endocrinology Seminar. (1)   Course may be repeated for credit. One hour of seminar per week. Must be taken on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. Prerequisites: Consent of instructor. Formerly Biology 221 Reviews and reports of current research in vertebrate endocrinology and physiology. (SP) Firestone

249.  Seminar on Evolutionary Genetics. (1)   Course may be repeated for credit. One hour of discussion per week. Must be taken on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. Prerequisites: Consent of instructor. Recent developments in evolutionary genetics will be discussed in a seminar format.

250.  Seminar in Ecology. (2)   Course may be repeated for credit. Two hours of seminar per week. Prerequisites: 153. Readings and discussion of current topics. (F,SP) Staff

251.  Ecological Research Reviews. (1)   Course may be repeated for credit. One and one-half hours of seminar per week. Must be taken on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. Prerequisites: Graduate standing and consent of instructor. Formerly 254. Reports and discussions of original research. (F,SP) Staff

257.  Current Topics in Behavioral Physiology. (2)   Course may be repeated for credit. Two hours of seminar per week. Prerequisites: C144 or consent of instructor. Topics to vary. Report and discussion of current literature.

259.  Advanced Paleoecology. (2)   Course may be repeated for credit. Two hours of seminar per week. Prerequisites: Consent of instructor. Topics vary from year to year but will include paleoecology of major groups of organisms or major environments from population, community evolutionary, or taxonomic persepectives.

262.  Seminar in Computational Biology. (1)   Course may be repeated for credit. One hour of lecture and one hour of discussion per week. Must be taken on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. Prerequisites: Consent of instructor. Students will discuss original papers in the general area of computational biology and will discuss new research presented by instructors in the course and by invited speakers from other departments at UC Berkeley and from other universities and research groups. (F,SP) Huelsenbeck, Nielsen, Slatkin

263.  Genetics and the Evolution of the Skeleton. (2)   Course may be repeated for credit. One hour of seminar per week. Prerequisites: A graduate-level course in biology or consent of instructor. In this seminar, we will explore the genetic underpinnings of vertebrate skeletal variation and review how such information is being incorporated into evolutionary and paleontological studies. Topics include quantitative genetic analyses of cranial variation and developmental genetics of the limb and dentition. This course will be tailored each semester to cover new research; therefore, students may enroll in this course multiple semesters. (SP) Hlusko

264.  Seminar in Evolutionary Biology of the Vertebrates. (1)   Course may be repeated for credit. One hour of seminar per week. Must be taken on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. Prerequisites: Graduate standing; consent of instructor. Formerly Zoology 260 Presentation of results of original research by students, faculty, and visitors. (F,SP) Staff

268.  Seminar in Evolution above the Species Level. (2)   Course may be repeated for credit. Two hours of seminar per week. Formerly Paleontology 246. Current issues in macroevolution and paleobiology, using both neontological and paleontological data. Offered alternate years.

281.  Seminar in Evolution. (2)   Two hours of seminar per week. Must be taken on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. Advanced study and current literature in various fields of evolution. Topics vary from year to year. (F,SP) Padian

283.  Seminar in Vertebrate Evolution and Paleontology. (1)   Enrollment is restricted; see the Introduction to Courses and Curricula section of this catalog. One hour of seminar per week. Prerequisites: 183, 183L or consent of instructor. Presentations and discussions of original research and new literature in vertebrate evolution and paleontology. Syllabus and reading list will vary as topics change from semester to semester. Open to Undergraduate students with permission. Enrollment limit: 20. (F,SP) Padian

286.  Seminars in Paleontology. (2)   Course may be repeated for credit. Two hours of seminar per week. Must be taken on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. Formerly Paleontology 250 Advanced study and current literature in various fields of paleontology. Topics vary from year to year. (F,SP) Staff

290.  Research Seminar. (1)   Course may be repeated for credit. One hour of seminar per week. Must be taken on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. Prerequisites: Consent of instructor. Formerly Botany 290 and Zoology 290 Advanced study in various fields of Integrative Biology. Topics will be announced in advance of each semester. Enrollment in more than one section permitted. (F,SP) Staff

291.  Research Seminar. (1)   Course may be repeated for credit. Two hours of seminar for seven and one-half weeks. Must be taken on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. Formerly Zoology 240 Review and discussion of topics of current interest. Topics to vary. (SP) Staff

292.  Integrative Biology Colloquium.   One hour of meeting per week. Formerly Botany 280 Meetings for the presentation of original work by faculty, visiting lecturers, and graduate students. (F,SP) Staff

296.  Special Study for Graduate Students. (1-4)   Course may be repeated for credit. Individual conferences. Formerly Zoology 296. Reading or other advanced study by arrangement with a staff member. (F,SP) Staff

297.  Directed Field Studies. (1-8)   Course may be repeated for credit. Field work. Must be taken on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. Formerly Paleontology 297 Open to qualified students directly engaged in field studies. (F,SP) Staff

298.  Special Study in Integrative Biology. (1-12)   Course may be repeated for credit. Hours to be arranged. Prerequisites: Consent of instructor. Formerly Physiology 298 and Anatomy 298 Graduate research by small groups. (F,SP) Staff

299.  Graduate Research. (1-12)   Course may be repeated for credit. Individual study. Must be taken on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. Formerly Botany 299, Paleontology 299, Physiology 299, Anatomy 299, Zoology 299. Credit awarded according to work planned and accomplished. (F,SP) Staff

601.  Individual Study for Master's Students. (1-8)   Course may be repeated for credit. Individual conferences. Must be taken on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. Formerly Paleontology 601, Zoology 601 Individual study for the comprehensive requirements in consultation with the major adviser. Units may not be used to meet either unit or residence requirements for a master's degree. (F,SP) Staff

602.  Individual Study for Doctoral Students. (1-8)   Course may be repeated for credit. Course does not satisfy unit or residence requirements for doctoral degree. Individual conferences. Must be taken on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. Formerly Paleontology 602, Zoology 602, Botany 602, Physiology 602, Anatomy 602 Individual study in consultation with the major adviser. Intended to provide an opportunity for qualified students to prepare themselves for the various examinations required for candidates for the Ph.D. (F,SP) Staff

Professional Courses

304.  Dissemination of Research: Your Interface with the Public. (2)   Two hours of lecture/discussion per week. This course will consist of lectures and class discussions about mechanisms of communicating about science to the public. We will consider how to convey the issues, process, and findings of scientific research to a variety of audiences using different media (e.g., posters, web pages, newsletters, newspaper and magazine articles, books, television). Projects conducted by teams of students under the direct supervision of the instructors will include preparation of outreach materials (e.g., posters, newsletters, web pages).

305.  Academic Survivorship. (2)   Two hours of seminar per week and assignments. Must be taken on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. Series of lectures and workshops to prepare graduate students for many aspects of academic careers, including grant proposal writing, giving talks at meetings or to academic departments, preparing job applications and having job interviews, advising graduate students and postdocs, reviewing manuscripts and grant proposals, service activities and time management, working at teaching college vs. research universities, alternative careers, etc.

375.  Teaching Colloquium: Graduate Student Instructor Training. (2)   Two hours of seminar plus workshops per week. Must be taken on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. Formerly Integrative Biology 303. Series of workshops and seminars involving graduate students and faculty participation. The main objectives of this course are to train graduate students to become effective instructors and to discuss important issues that graduate students face when teaching undergraduate classes. (F) Staff

400.  Training in Stable Isotope Methods and Mass Spectrometry. (1)   Three hours of lecture and laboratory training per week. Must be taken on a satisfactory/unsatisfactory basis. Prerequisites: Consent of instructor. An intensive lecture and laboratory training course on the fundamental principles and practical applications of stable isotope methods in biogeochemistry, ecology, physiology, and environmental science. Topics covered are sample preparation, operating of an isotope ratio mass spectrometer, and analysis of stable isotope data. This course is required for all students interested in using the facilities housed in the Center for Stable Isotope Biogeochemistry for their research. (F) Dawson

C407.  Introduction to Scientific Diving. (3)   Two hours of lecture and three hours of laboratory per week. Prerequisites: Advanced scuba certification, swim test, medical exam, and consent of instructor. Diving physics, physiology, medicine, rescue, decompression, theory, navigation, environment, marine life, research methods, equipment, and University regulations. Course leads to University certification to use underwater life support apparatus for study or research under University auspices. Also listed as Physical Education C407. (SP) Staff